Kai Tipu me te Ārai Mate Pukupuku
Te tūhura i te tūranga o ngā kai tipu i roto i te ārai me te tiaki i te mate pukupuku
Kei te piki haere te maha o ngā rangahau, tae atu ki ngā rangahau nui i tautokona e te World Cancer Research Fund, e tohu ana i te tūranga nui o ngā kai huawhenua kua whakaritea pai hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o ētahi mate pukupuku. Ko ngā kai e hangaia ana i runga i ngā kai tipu katoa e whakarato ana i te nui o ngā matūkai nui e tautoko ana i ngā tikanga parepare taiao o te tinana. Mā te whakatairanga i te taurite me te kanorau, ehara i te mea ka whai wāhi noa tēnei huarahi ki te ārai i te mate pukupuku engari ka whakatairanga hoki i te hauora me te manawanui mō te wā roa.
Ko tētahi o ngā take matua mō ēnei pānga tiaki kei roto i te hanganga ahurei o ngā kai tipu. He nui ngā matū matū koiora i roto i ēnei kai—ngā matū koiora pērā i te sulforaphane e kitea ana i roto i ngā huawhenua cruciferous pērā i te broccoli me te Brussels sprouts—kua whakaatuhia hei āwhina i te whakahaere i te tipu o ngā pūtau me te whakaiti i te ahotea waikura. Haunga ēnei, ko te muka kai—e kitea ana i roto i ngā kai tipu anake—he mahi nui ki te pupuri i te hauora o te nakunaku, te tautoko i te taiao puku taurite, me te āwhina i te tinana ki te whakakore i ngā matū kino. I te mahi tahi, ka hangaia e ēnei wāhanga ngā āhuatanga kāore i te pai mō te whanaketanga o te mate pukupuku, e whakaatu ana i te hononga kaha i waenga i te kai tipu me te aukati i ngā mate.
He mate pūmau, he mate uaua hoki te mate pukupuku, ā, ka tipu haere ngā pūtau i roto i te tinana i roto i te āhua rerekē, kāore e taea te whakahaere, me te kaha ki te whakaeke me te horapa ki ētahi atu wāhanga o te tinana. I roto i te āhua haumanu, ka puta pea te mate pukupuku me te whānuitanga o ngā tohu me ngā āhuatanga, tae atu ki te putanga mai o te puku, te pupuhi rānei, te mamae tonu, te ngenge tonu, te kirika rerekē, te hekenga taumaha kāore i te whakaarohia.
Ka puta ake ngā pūtau matepukupuku i roto i te nuinga o ngā kiko. I a rātou e whakanui ana, ka kino haere pea ngā hanganga e karapoti ana, ka whakararuraru rānei i ngā mahi noa o te tinana. Mā tēnei tipu rerekē ka puta he pukupuku kino. Tērā pea ka noho tonu ēnei pukupuku ki te rohe i te tīmatanga, engari he maha ngā wā ka horapa ki ngā wāhi tawhiti, ka puta he pukupuku tuarua mā te tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te metastasis.
I ngā wā o mua, he nui te wāhanga o te taumahatanga mate pukupuku o te ao kua honoa ki ngā mate urutā, inā koa ko ērā e hono ana ki ngā huaketo pēnei i te HIV, e whai wāhi ana ki ngā āhuatanga tae atu ki te sarcoma a Kaposi, te lymphoma non-Hodgkin, me te mate pukupuku o te kaki. Heoi, e whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga o nāianei i tētahi panonitanga mārama i roto i ngā tauira mate pukupuku o te ao, me te pikinga ake o te horapa o ngā mate pukupuku e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te āhua noho - inā koa i roto i ngā whenua iti me te āhua waenga-moni kei reira ngā tikanga kai me ngā whanonga o ia rā e tere huri ana. I roto i tēnei horopaki, e whakatau ana te World Health Organisation neke atu i te 40 ōrau o ngā take mate pukupuku katoa ka taea te ārai, ko te American Cancer Society e kī ana tata ki te kotahi hautoru o ngā mate pukupuku i te United States e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga āhua noho ka taea te whakarerekē pēnei i te kai kino me te kore mahi tinana.
I te ao whānui, tata ki te 5 ki te 10 ōrau noa iho o ngā mate pukupuku e pā ana ki ngā whakarerekētanga ira. Ko te nuinga rawa atu—tata ki te 90 ki te 95 ōrau—e pā ana ki ngā pānga taiao me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te āhua noho. I roto i ēnei, e whakaarohia ana ko te kai koretake te take o te neke atu i te kotahi hautoru o ngā take, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga nui o te ārai mā te noho ora.
Hei tautoko i tēnei, kua whakaratohia e ngā rangahau mate urutā nui he māramatanga anō mō te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tauira kai me te mōrearea mate pukupuku. I tātarihia e tētahi rangahau nui i arahina e ngā kairangahau i te Oxford Population Health's Cancer Epidemiology Unit ngā raraunga kua kohikohia mai i te neke atu i te 1.8 miriona tāngata puta noa i ngā whenua e toru, hei wāhanga o te Cancer Risk in Vegetarians Consortium—ko te rangahau whānui rawa atu tae noa ki tēnei wā e tirotiro ana i ngā kai kore-mīti me te mōrearea mate pukupuku.
I whakaritea e te rangahau te auau o ngā momo mate pukupuku 17 puta noa i ngā rōpū kai e rima: te hunga kai mīti auau, te hunga kai heihei (e karo ana i te mīti whero me te mīti tukatuka), te hunga kai ika (e kai ika ana), te hunga kai huawhenua (e kai ana pea i ngā hua miraka me/ranei ngā hua manu), me te hunga kai huawhenua (e karo ana i ngā kai katoa i ahu mai i te kararehe).
I whakaatuhia e ngā kitenga, ina whakaritea ki te hunga kai mīti, he iti ake te mōrearea o te hunga kai huawhenua ki ētahi mate pukupuku. Ina koa, he 21 ōrau te iti iho o te mōrearea o te hunga kai huawhenua ki te mate pukupuku repeure, he 9 ōrau te iti iho o te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku ū, he 12 ōrau te iti iho o te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku repeure, he 28 ōrau te iti iho o te tūponotanga o te mate pukupuku whatukuhu, ā, he 31 ōrau te iti iho o te mōrearea o te myeloma maha. Ka whakakaha ake ēnei hua i te tūranga pea o ngā tauira kai i roto i te aukati mate pukupuku me ngā rautaki hauora tūmatanui.
Mīti Whero me te Mīti Tukatuka me te Mate Pukupuku
Ko te kai i te mīti whero me te mīti tukatuka kua honoa tonutia ki te pikinga ake o te mōrearea ki ētahi momo mate pukupuku, inā koa ko ērā e pā ana ki te pūnaha nakunaku. Kua whānuitia te mōhiotia o ēnei kitenga e ngā whakahaere hauora nui, ā, e tautokona ana e te nui haere o ngā taunakitanga pūtaiao.
Ko te mīti whero e pā ana ki te mīti uaua kāore anō kia tukatukahia mai i ngā kararehe pērā i te mīti kau, te poaka, te reme, te mīti kau, te mīti hipi, me te koati. Ka taea te kai hou, te tapatapahi, te tio rānei. Ko te mīti tukatuka, i tētahi atu taha, kei roto ko te mīti kua tiakina mā roto i ngā tikanga pērā i te paowa, te whakamaroke, te tāpiri tote, te whakapūkara rānei. Ko ngā tauira noa ko te pēkana, te hōtiti, te hāmi, te hot dog, te salami, te mīti deli, te mīti kēne, me ngā paninga mīti. E ai ki te World Health Organisation, kua whakarōpūtia te mīti tukatuka hei matū whakaputa mate pukupuku Rōpū 1, ko te tikanga he nui ngā taunakitanga ka taea e ia te whakaputa mate pukupuku i roto i te tangata, inā koa te mate pukupuku koroni. Kua whakarōpūtia te mīti whero hei matū whakaputa mate pukupuku Rōpū 2A, e tohu ana he mea pea ka puta he mate pukupuku ki te tangata.
E whakaarohia ana ko te hononga i waenga i ēnei mīti me te mate pukupuku he maha ngā tikanga koiora e pā ana. Kei roto i te mīti whero te rino heme, ka taea te whakatairanga i te hanganga o ngā matū e kino ai te DNA me te whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te mate pukupuku. Tērā pea ka piki ake te mōrearea ina tunua te mīti i ngā pāmahana teitei, pērā i te tunutunu, te parai, te tunutunu rānei, nā te mea ka taea e ēnei tikanga te whakaputa i ngā matū carcinogenic kua whakaatuhia hei whakaputa i ngā huringa ira i roto i ngā rangahau whakamātautau.
He maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā mīti tukatuka ngā nitrates me ngā nitrites, e whakamahia ana hei tiaki i te tipu o ngā huakita me te whakaroa i te oranga o te kai. Ka taea e ēnei matū te hanga i ngā matū N-nitroso i roto i te tinana, e mōhiotia ana ka kino te DNA me te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku. Hei tāpiri, he nui te ngako kukū me te tote i roto i te maha o ngā mīti tukatuka, ka whai wāhi pea ēnei ki te mumura mau tonu, te whakanui taumaha, me ngā huringa pākia e whakanui ake ai i te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku.
E ai ki ngā taunakitanga mate urutā, ko te kai auau i te mīti whero me te mīti tukatuka te mea tino hono ki te mate pukupuku koroni, ā, kua kitea anō hoki he hononga ki ngā mate pukupuku o te puku, te repeure, te repeure, me te ū, ahakoa kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau.
Te Kai Miraka me te Mōrearea Mate Pukupuku
Nā te tipu haere o te hiahia pūtaiao ki ngā pānga hauora o te kai miraka, kua piki haere te maha o ngā rangahau e tirotiro ana i ōna hononga pea ki te mate pukupuku. Ahakoa kei te tautohetohe tonuhia ngā kitenga, e kī ana ētahi rangahau ko te kai auau i ngā hua miraka—ina koa ko te miraka kau—tērā pea ka hono atu ki te pikinga o te mōrearea ki ētahi mate pukupuku e pā ana ki ngā homoni, tae atu ki ngā mate pukupuku o te repeure, te ū, me ngā ovaries. E whakaatu ana ētahi rangahau ahakoa te kai noa i ia rā, ka whai wāhi pea ki tēnei mōrearea teitei ake, ahakoa ka rerekē te kaha o tēnei hononga i runga i te kai whānui, te momo noho, me ngā āhuatanga koiora takitahi.
Ko tētahi o ngā āwangawanga matua ko te hanganga tūturu o te waiū kau. He mea hanga hei tautoko i te tipu tere o te kuao kau, kei roto i te waiū he ranunga matatini o ngā matū koiora kaha, tae atu ki ngā homoni pērā i ngā oestrogens me ngā matū whakatairanga tipu. Ahakoa he mea nui ēnei wāhanga mō te whanaketanga kararehe, tera pea he pānga rerekē ki te tinana tangata. Hei tauira, ko te oestrogen he homoni e mōhiotia ana he wāhi nui ki te whanaketanga o ētahi mate pukupuku, inā koa ko te mate pukupuku ū, ina kitea i ngā taumata teitei, i te roa rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, he puna pūmua kararehe ngā hua miraka, kua honoa ki te pikinga o ngā taumata o te insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) i roto i te tangata. Ko te IGF-1 he homoni e whai wāhi ana ki te tipu me te whakaora pūtau, engari kua honoa ngā taumata tohanga toto teitei ake i roto i ētahi rangahau ki te pikinga o te mōrearea o ētahi mate pukupuku, tae atu ki ngā mea e pā ana ki te ū, te prostate, ngā pukahukahu, me te pūnaha colorectal. Ko te āwangawanga ko te IGF-1 teitei ake ka whakatairanga i te tipu me te oranga o ngā pūtau rerekē.
Te Kai Hua Manu me te Mōrearea Mate Pukupuku
Kua rangahaua te kai hua manu e pā ana ki te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku, inā koa mō ngā mate pukupuku e pāngia ana e ngā homoni pērā i ngā mea e pā ana ki te repeure, te ū, me ngā ovaries. E kī ana ētahi kairangahau ko te nui o te cholesterol i roto i ngā hua manu te take o tēnei hononga pea. He wāhi nui tō te cholesterol ki te whakaputa i ngā homoni pērā i te testosterone me te estrogen, ka pā ki te whanaketanga me te haere whakamua o ētahi mate pukupuku.
I whakahaerehia e te National Institutes of Health tētahi rangahau roa e whakahuatia whānuitia ana, ā, i whai i ngā tāne 27,607 i roto i te wā 14 tau (1994–2008). I whakaatuhia e ngā kitenga ko ngā tāne i kai i te rua me te hawhe hua manu, neke atu rānei, i te wiki, he nui ake te tūponotanga ki te pāngia e te mate pukupuku repeure matatau, ki te whakaritea ki te hunga i kai i ngā hua manu onge (iti iho i te haurua hua manu i te wiki). Hei tāpiri, i roto i ngā tāne kua kitea kētia he mate pukupuku repeure, ko te kai nui ake i ngā kai kararehe pēnei i te heihei me te mīti whero i hono atu ki te pikinga o te tūponotanga o te mate wawe.
He mea nui kia āta whakamāramahia ēnei kitenga. Ka taea e ngā rangahau tirotiro te tautuhi i ngā hononga engari kāore e whakatū i ngā whanaungatanga take-me-pānga tika. Ko ētahi atu āhuatanga—tae atu ki ngā tauira kai whānui, te taumaha tinana, me te momo noho—tērā pea ka whai wāhi ki ngā putanga kua kitea.
Haunga te cholesterol, he puna nui ngā hua manu o te choline, he matūkai ka taea te whakapūkara e ngā huakita puku hei matū pēnei i te trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Kua honoa tēnei matū ki te mumura, ā, tera pea ka whai wāhi ki ngā tukanga mate mau tonu, tae atu ki ērā e uru ana ki te whanaketanga o te mate pukupuku. Hei tāpiri, kua honoa ngā kai e nui ana i ngā kai mai i ngā kararehe ki te taumata teitei o te insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), he homoni e whakatairanga ana i te tipu o te pūtau, ā, kua honoa ki te pikinga o te mōrearea mate pukupuku i roto i ētahi kiko.
Kai me te Ārai i te Mate Pukupuku:
Ngā Tohutohu Kai
te American Cancer Society he mea nui te kai hauora ki te whakapai ake i te hauora whānui me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te mate pukupuku. E whakamārama ana i te tauira kai hauora ko tētahi e whakatairanga ana i ngā whiringa kai whai matūkai me te taurite e tautoko ana i te taumaha tinana hauora me te whakarato i ngā huaora me ngā kohuke nui.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te kai hauora kei roto i ēnei:
- Ngā kai e whai kiko ana i ngā huaora, ngā kohuke me ētahi atu matūkai nui
- Ngā kai iti-kaora e tautoko ana i te pupuri i te taumaha tinana hauora
- He whānuitanga o ngā huawhenua tae kanapa, tae atu ki ngā momo kakariki pouri, whero, me te karaka
- Ngā pīni me ngā rēmana, he nui te muka
- He whānuitanga o ngā hua
- Ngā witi katoa, tae atu ki te taro witi katoa, te rimurapa witi katoa, me te raihi parauri